Malaria and its Symptomatic

MALARIA


Distribution of malaria is throughout the world, teruma in temperate climates tropis.Sekitar 2 Milyard of world population affected by malaria, with mortality from 1.5 to 2.7 million people / year. Causes of Malaria is a kind of simple animal = Protozoa which breed in sporulation with the name of the genera Plasmodium consisting of the 4 types.

*Plasmodium falciparum,
*Plasmodium vivax,
*Plasmodium malariae and
*Plasmodium ovale.

Malaria will spread from sick to healthy people by means of Anopheles mosquitoes. Anopheles mosquito sedkitar itself consists of 80 species, and has been confirmed as vector / transmission of about 20 species Anopheles.

Symptom malaria

• Fever, chills, headache, difficulty sleeping, sweating
• Vomiting or nausea, mouth tastes bitter
• In some cases stomach ache.
• First Symptom of 7 to 9 days after the mosquito bite, but not closed the possibility of a few months after the infective mosquito bites.

Typhoid Fever

Introduction

Typhoid fever, or better known in the community by the name of Typhus, a
cosmopolitan disease or are found all over the world. Typhoid fever
caused by a type of microbe / bacteria called Salmonella typhi. This
disease still often appears in several places, even some areas in
Indonesia is endemic.

The spread of this disease originated from patients or carriers (those
who have recovered from illness but still contained in the excretion of
seeds disease), can contaminate food through, milk, drinks etc..

When a person drinks contaminated water or contaminated food does not
necessarily become ill on that day, but it takes time to breed
salmonella bacteria so that the population is high enough to interfere
with our body's metabolic processes. Period of pause when the entry of
germs into our bodies until the occurrence of disease symptoms is called
the incubation period. The incubation period typhoid fever between 10 -
14 days.

Typhoid Fever Symptom

• increased body temperature as tiered staircase up to 4 or 5 days
• Headache, dizziness
• aches in joints
• Awareness decreases
• appetite loss or decreased
• Sometimes a cough accompanied by
• diarrhea (more common in children)

Disease Diagnosis

Your doctor will usually see the symptoms and do anamnese to the
patient. Because for confirmation rather difficult, when the city is the
laboratory facility will be carried out several tests, among others:

•Test Widal test
• Blood cultures / gal culture

Widal test test laboratory will get the data immediately, while the
blood cultures require 24 - 48 hours and only expressed negative when in
one week the culture was negative.

mashardi2010;multy sources

The development cycle of malaria

The development cycle of malaria

We begin from the patients in the blood containing the malaria parasite
(stage Gametosit micro and macro). Anopheles mosquito (female) to suck
the blood of patients and was carried into the stomach gametosit
mosquitoes. Micro (male cells) and Makrogametosit (female cells) to mate
and form Zygote and migration through the stomach wall to form a Ookinet
and sporulation selajutnya form Sporosoit mosquitoes spread throughout
the body, especially in the Anopheles mosquito salivary glands. Time
required to multiply in the body since the mosquitoes until ready to be
transmitted in the salivary glands of about 7 - 14 days (depending on
the type of plasmodium and environmental conditions).

Mosquitoes containing sporosoit (infective) in the saliva glands going
to bite a healthy person and let sporosoit into the bloodstream and then
hide in the liver cells to perform the multiplication and release stage
merosoit into the bloodstream and enter cells, red blood cells.
Incubation time in the liver cells is about 6 - 8 days.

Merosoit phase Palsmodium cells into red blood cells and will turn into
phase trofosoit / ring / ring and Schizont phase. The laboratory will
usually identify this phase in the cell, red blood cells. From one
merosoit can flourish and broke into 16 to 32 merosoit depending on the
type Plasmodiumnya. At the time thousands of red blood cells rupture
that we will shiver.

Time since the infective Anopheles mosquito bite until disease symptoms
appear (incubation period) of about 9 to 40 days depending on the type
of Plasmodium and lingkungannya.Sekitar conditions one week after a
person has malaria would be formed and makrogametosit micro phase and
this is a phase that can be transmitted to mosquitoes.

* P falciparum from 9 to 14 day incubation period
* P vivax 12 to 17 day incubation period
* P ovale from 12 to 17 day incubation period
* P malariae 18 to 40 day incubation period

On the type of Plasmodium vivax, some merosoit will hide and multiply in
the spleen and stay latent for several years. This is what causes a
person sick with malaria again despite no longer being bitten by
mosquitoes such as ni Anopheles.Keadaan called recurrence or relapse.

On the type of Plasmodium falciparum, can cause cerebral (brain) and
symptoms of malaria are so great that often cause the death of the
patient. But when you are finished / successful treatment of patients
will recover fully and do not relapse.

Plasmodium breeding mosquitoes in the body where there is a process of
micro and makrogametosit marriage known sexual cycle, while
proliferation in the human body which does not occur is called the
marriage a sexual cycle.

mashardi2010

Chikungunya fever, or Bones Fever

Chikungunya fever, or Bones fever

Chikungunya Fever seems still somewhat rare is mentioned and a lot of
people who do not know. Chikungunya fever is also called bone fever,
because people who suffer from Chikungunya all bodies ache pain once, in
the joints, and even felt to the bone. The disease was first discovered
in Tanzania in 1952 years, was in Indonesia was reported in 1982 in Samarinda.

Causes of Chikungunya disease is a type of virus called Alphavirus
The spread of the disease is very similar to dengue fever disease is
through vector / disseminator of Aedes aegypti mosquito that lives in
the water container that is in / around our house. In the event of an
outbreak (Extraordinary Genesis) or increased 2 times or more the case
than ordinary circumstances, it will be fogging / Fogging to kill the
mosquitoes that infective.

How do the ways to control Aedes aegypti mosquito elimination

1.Cover reservoir water so mosquitoes can not enter and egged

2.Cleans reservoir water once every week (the time eggs hatch
Aedes mosquitoes to become adults is between 8 to 12 days

3.Submers old cans, old tires, coconut shell, coconut shell, etc. can
be used for rain water bin

Add: provision of anti-larvae (Abate) in the tub / reservoir water

(mashardi2010:multiple source)

Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever, or is more familiar with the course of Dengue
Fever is caused by virus type B group, and is transmitted by insects
known to many as the Arbovirus B. We know there are 4 kinds of virus
type Type 1, Type 2, Type 3 and Type 4.
Aedes aegypti

If a person has Type 1 infection or other type such as Type 4 person
will only have a slight fever which then disappear by itself. However,
if the originally infected with Type 1 and some time later exposed to
another type of infection such as Type 2 or Type 3, there will be a
battle that occurred immunity Hemorrhagic Dengue Fever.

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever in Indonesia was first reported in Semarang in
1969, the medical world at that time in Indonesia is still very clouds
against this disease so that the Case Fatality Rate is still high.

Transmission of this disease is the mosquito Aedes species, the main
(primary vector) is an alternative Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Symptom

* High fever suddenly 39 - 40 Celsius degree
* Acute Headache / usually the front of head
* Body aches pains, and sore spots of skin redness and spots.
Usually it will be clear when diagitasi with blood tie back.
* Nausea and vomiting
* High heat will come down on the third or fourth day, but usually will rise again.
* The results of laboratory Thrombocyt fall below 100 (normal above 140 mgDL)
* Haematocryt usually increases above 40%


Klik here for FULL PRESENTATION

(mashardi2010;from many sources)